[Yogesh Nama][November 24, 2006]
INTRODUCTION
Energy meters are being tested worldwide to meet the needs of both manufacturers and consumers. The author has conducted a small informative survey of global practices, and people with knowledge of meter testing from countries like Germany, Norway, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Romania, Hungary, Russia, Croatia, Colombia, India, Israel, Kenya and Egypt provided information about the meter testing practices in their region. This paper is primarily based on the results of the survey and the experience gained through working in this field over the last 15 years.
TESTING SCENARIO
The table below explains who tests the meter, when, and what are the objectives served by the meter testing.
| Who | Meter Manufacturar | Utilities in labratories | Utilities at consumer sites |
| When | At the production stage, after assembling the meter | After receiving the meter from the supplier; or when sending the meter for installation at consumer premises | When a complaint has been received; or at regular intervals to ensure the proper functioning of meters |
| Rate of testing | 100% |
There is no common ground here. The survey revealed the following practices:
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There is no common ground here either. The survey revealed the following practices:
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| What are the objectives |
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TESTING PRACTICES AND METHODS
By manufacturers
Manufacturers test the meters on large meter benches, because of the high volume of testing. They also use small single position test benches for R& D, quality control and inspection purposes. These test benches are based on the phantom load concept and are able to generate the desired test voltage, current, power factor, frequency and harmonics etc., as per international metering standards.
By utilities
Utilities generally use three types of equipment, depending on their testing policies.
- Large meter test benches, for testing large volumes of meters. This is prevalent in countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Israel, Thailand, Germany, Egypt, and India.
- Single position meter test benches for sample approval testing or random testing of small numbers of meters for batch approval.
- Portable meter testing equipment for on-site testing. Some utilities test the meter at real consumer loads (when only a reference meter is required) and some use the phantom load. Testing at consumer loads is a cheaper solution but has severe limitations, because the tester has to depend on the current load. Such testing does not give the tester much confidence in the results, however, and hence in most countries phantom load together with reference standards are used to test the meter thoroughly.
ON-SITE TESTING GAINING IMPORTANCE
The survey showed that on-site testing is gradually gaining in importance for the utilities around the world. There are several reasons for this.
- Liberalization of utilities. (Governments are no longer willing to fund utility losses).
- Growing consumer awareness.
- For consumer satisfaction, in order to solve complaints immediately. This applies particularly in liberal and deregulated energy markets, where at a minimum large consumers can choose their energy supplier and can change supplier from one day to the next. Retaining existing customers is regarded as very important, and 83% of respondents gave high marks to this issue.
- To reduce the cycle time and effort caused by removing the meter and testing it in a laboratory.
- To provide statistical input for decisions regarding the replacement or continuation of the meter population, calibration and maintenance schedules.
TESTING INTERVALS
| Name of country | Interval Information | Remarks (additional information) |
| Germany |
Once every 16 years for electromechanical meters. |
If meters pass the test, both types will be reused for another four years. |
| Austria |
Once every 20 years for electromechanical meters. |
If the meters pass, both types will be reused for another four years. |
| Denmark |
Once every 16 years for electromechanical meters. |
If the meters pass, both types will be reused for another four years |
| India |
Once a year for bulk consumers Before installation |
On-site testing
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| Israel | 2-8 years depending n metering mode, meter type and experience | Mainly labratory testing |
| Hong Kong | No planned testing | Meters are only tested on installation and for annual maintenance of meters for large customers |
| Kenya | Once a year for large customers | On-site testing |
| Ukraine | Once every 6 years | Also depends on meter type and the manufacturer |
| Croatia | No planned testing | |
| Colombia | Varies from utility to utility | |
| Singapore | Once a yera for large customers | On-site testing |
| Thailand | Once a year for large customers | On-site testing |
| Russia |
Once a year for large customers (in field conditions). Once every 8 years in a labratory |
100% of the billing meters should be tested, but this is not always achieved due to lack of infrastructure. 100% of the meters |
| Romania | Once every 10 years | Labratory testing |
TESTING ON DEMAND
On-site testing is also performed on demand, either by a customer or by the billing department to investigate billing irregularities. This was confirmed by the responses to the survey, which revealed that these two issues received the highest marks and were given as the major reasons for on-site testing.
In some utilities, separate departments exist to respond to testing based on customer demand or to resolve billing issues.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AND LIMITS
| For labratory testing | As defined in IEC standards for respective class and type of meters, e.g. IEC 62052 – 11 & 62053 – part 11, 21, 22, 23 |
| For on-site testing | No international standards exist for such testing. Generally the same limit as defined for laboratory testing is used, although there may be some concessions for environmental influence. For example in Australia class 0.5 meters should be within 0.7% limit for on-site testing. In Kenya 3% error is allowed for class 2 electromechanical meters. In Hong Kong +2.5% to -3.5% error is allowed for class 2 meters. |
It is important to mention here that for on-site testing the use of the right equipment for the corresponding class of meter is essential. We learned that several utilities are not adequately equipped to perform this task efficiently. In some countries lower classes of equipment are being used to test high accuracy electronic meters, which prevents accurate decision-making regarding meter quality.
CHALLENGES IN METER TESTING
Rapid developments in metering technology have resulted in a greater challenge for utilities to test these meters in all respects.
- High precision electronic meters need high accuracy test equipment.
- The development of shunt-type meters – or the so called “closed link” meters, both single phase and three phase – cannot be tested with old meter test benches.
- Value-added functionality or features like PLC control, communication with IEC 1107, RS485 MBUS, pulse output etc. need special configuration of test benches.
REVENUE METERING – THE IGNORED COMPONENT
For large consumers, metering is done using instrument transformers (CT/VT). This means that instrument transformers are a very important part of revenue metering, but most of the utilities around the world do not test them, either before installation or during their lifetime. Utilities simply rely on the test certificates produced by the manufacturer. A few countries, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Israel, do test instrument transformers.
CONCLUSION
All those who have a major interest in the accurate functioning of meters will be keen to test properly and regularly. Energy market liberalization has placed a high value on the metering components (both meter and instrument transformer) because of their direct link to revenue for the utility. Hence utilities need to keep pace with modern meter testing technology, and also ensure that the information generated or collected during regular testing – whether in a laboratory or on site – can be used for several purposes to save valuable dollars.
“Saving a dollar is better than earning a dollar”.
